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      | B7版:专版
    “刻舟求剑”还是“随波逐流”
    从年报看所得税会计准则实施的影响
    更多新闻请登陆中国证券网〉〉〉
     
     
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    从年报看所得税会计准则实施的影响
    2007年02月07日      来源:上海证券报      作者:
      □天津财经大学教授 盖地 南开大学副教授 陆新

      一、所得税准则实施影响

      2007年1月1日起,新会计准则及其应用指南开始在上市公司范围内实施。为使企业由原准则向新准则的过渡保持一致性、可比性,新企业会计准则体系设立了《企业会计准则38号———首次执行企业会计准则》。该项准则及其指南对首次执行日要求采用追溯调整法的项目及其处理进行了规范。2006年12月,证监会发出《关于做好与新会计准则相关信息披露工作的通知》,要求企业按照《企业会计准则38号———首次执行企业会计准则》,在2006年度财务报告的“补充资料”部分,以差异调节表方式披露股东权益重大差异的调节过程,以反映执行新准则的影响。

      截至2007年1月30日,沪、深两市共有31家上市公司披露了2006年年度报告,这31家上市公司在年报中都按照《企业会计准则38号———首次执行企业会计准则》和证监会要求披露了新会计准则造成的影响,公布了新旧会计准则股东权益调节表。利用这些资料,可以对执行新准则的影响进行初步分析。对所得税会计而言,根据《企业会计准则第38号———首次执行企业会计准则》,在首次执行日,企业应该按照《企业会计准则第18号———所得税》的规定,按照资产负债表债务法对所得税进行会计处理,计算应纳税暂时性差异与可抵扣暂时性差异,确定递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债,并相应调整期初留存收益,而期初留存收益的调整自然影响到期初股东权益。因此,所得税是股东权益调节表的项目之一。通过对已发布年报的31家上市公司新旧会计准则股东权益调节表的分析,整理下表:

      上表显示,所得税准则的实施是上市公司股东权益变化的主要影响因素之一。31家上市公司中,除南化股份股东权益未受新准则实施影响外,其余30家因执行新准则导致股东权益发生变化的上市公司,其股东权益变化的原因均包括所得税会计准则的实施。企业对所得税项目进行的追溯调整集中在递延所得税资产的确认上。30家因执行新准则导致股东权益发生变化的上市公司中,有29家确认递延所得税资产并调增股东权益,其中有2 家上市公司既确认了递延所得税资产,也确认了递延所得税负债,因递延所得税资产确认金额大于递延所得税负债确认金额,所得税会计政策实施的最终影响仍为股东权益增加。

      二、递延所得税资产的审慎确认应受到关注

      《企业会计准则第18号———所得税》摒弃了“时间性差异”的概念,首次定义了暂时性差异的概念。暂时性差异是指资产或负债的计税基础与其账面价值之间的差额,时间性差异则是从利润表角度考察当期会计利润与应税利润之间的差异。时间性差异均属暂时性差异,但暂时性差异并不都是时间性差异。相对于时间性差异,暂时性差异的概念更加广泛。

      按照暂时性差异对未来期间应纳税所得额的影响,暂时性差异划分为应纳税暂时性差异和可抵扣暂时性差异。可抵扣暂时性差异是指在确定未来收回资产或清偿负债期间的应纳税所得额时,将导致产生可抵扣金额的暂时性差异。应纳税暂时性差异是指在确定未来收回资产或清偿负债期间的应纳税所得额时,将导致产生应税金额的暂时性差异。资产账面价值小于其计税基础或者负债的账面价值大于其计税基础的,会产生可抵扣暂时性差异。上述股东权益发生变化的30家上市公司中,22家上市公司在“合并项目”附注中披露了进行所得税项目追溯调整原因。其中,21家上市公司因计提应收款项坏账准备、存货跌价准备、资产减值准备,导致相应资产账面价值小于其计税基础,产生可抵扣暂时性差异。

      值得注意的是,因可抵扣暂时性差异或可抵扣亏损而确认递延所得税资产,如果在递延所得税资产转销期间,企业没有足够的应纳税所得额可供抵扣,这项递延所得税资产的经济利益将无法实现,递延所得税资产以及因递延所得税资产确认而增加的净利润就都是虚计的。为此,《企业会计准则第18号———所得税》规定:企业应当以很可能取得用来抵扣可抵扣暂时性差异的应纳税所得额为限,确认由可抵扣暂时性差异产生的递延所得税资产。以很可能获得用来抵扣可抵扣亏损的未来应纳税所得额为限,确认因可抵扣亏损产生递延所得税资产,这些规定充分体现了谨慎性原则的要求。

      会计人员必须在有确凿证据表明企业未来能够获得足够的应纳税所得额时,才能确认递延所得税资产。但企业在未来是否有足够的应税利润可供抵扣,在很多情况下需要依靠会计人员的职业判断。怎样才能降低因会计人员的过于乐观给信息使用者造成的负面影响,审慎确认递延所得税资产?关键在于递延所得税资产的确认,应通过财务报告予以充分披露并受到监督。按照《企业会计准则第18号———所得税》规定,企业在附注中应披露确认递延所得税资产的依据及递延所得税资产的确认金额。注册会计师在鉴证业务中,对确需确认递延所得税资产的,也应保持必要的职业谨慎,充分履行必要的鉴证程序,以获取有关未来应纳税所得额的鉴证证据。总之,不论对企业会计人员,还是对注册会计师,都应认真学习会计准则,掌握会计准则的基本精髓,以会计准则的转换为契机,努力提高财务会计报告的可靠性、相关性。

      31家上市公司新准则实施股东权益变化情况

    编号    公 司     实施新准则股东差异变化主要原因                                                             暂时性差异形成原因                                                                                                                                     递延所得税资产(A)或递延所得税负债(L)确认

    1     江南高纤     所得税、以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产以及可供出售金融资产、少数股东权益     应收款项坏账准备计提                                                                                                                                    A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    2     华泰股份     所得税                                                                                     ———                                                                                                                                                 L

    3     宝新能源     所得税、股份支付                                                                            应收款项坏账准备计提                                                                                                                                    A

    4     光华控股     所得税、同一合并下企业合并形成的股权投资差额                                                应收款项坏账准备计提                                                                                                                                    A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    5     S*ST仁和     所得税、同一合并下企业合并形成长期股权投资差额、                                            存货跌价准备计提                                                                                                                                        A

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    6     南化股份     无变化                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    7     南山铝业     所得税、同一合并下企业合并商誉账面价值、少数股东权益                                        ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    8     渝开发     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        应收款项坏账准备计提                                                                                                                                    A

    9     永新股份     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        综合                                                                                                                                                    A

    10     橙星股份     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    11     宜华木业     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        资产减值准备计提                                                                                                                                        A

    12     S成建设     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        应收款项坏账准备计提、可抵扣亏损、                                                                                                                     A

    13     SST新智     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        坏账准备、长期股权投资核算采用权益法                                                                                                                    A

    14     常林股份     所得税、符合预计负债条件的辞退补偿、少数股东权益                                            计提应收款项坏账准备、在建工程减值准备、固定资产减值准备、存货减值准备                                                                                 A

    15     日照港     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        各项资产减值准备                                                                                                                                        A

    16     S川美丰     所得税、以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产以及可供出售金融资产、少数股东权益     ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    17     华山地产     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        应收款项坏账准备计提、可抵扣亏损                                                                                                                        A

    18     S*ST数码     所得税、同一合并下企业合并形成的长期股权投资差额、少数股东权益                             ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    19     皖维高新     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    20     火箭股份     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    21     S*ST 百花    所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        ———                                                                                                                                                 A

    22     S*ST雄震     所得税、长期股权投资差额、少数股东权益                                                     应收款项坏账准备、预计负债                                                                                                                             A

    23     黄山旅游     所得税、长期股权投资差额、少数股东权益                                                     应收款项坏账准备                                                                                                                                        A

    24     云铝股份     所得税、衍生金融工具、少数股东权益                                                         资产减值准备计提、股权投资差额摊销、套期保值浮动盈亏                                                                                                    A

    25     风神股份     所得税、衍生金融工具、少数股东权益                                                         坏账准备、存货跌价准备、固定资产减值准备、                                                                                                             A

    26     南京高科     所得税、以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产以及可供出售金融资产、少数股东权益     应收账款坏账准备计提                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             A

    27     云天化     所得税、以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产以及可供出售金融资产、少数股东权益     以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产导致资产账面价值大于计税基础;坏账准备、存货跌价准备、固定资产减值准备计提导致资产账面价值小于其计税基础    A、L

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             A>L

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             净额增加股东权益

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    28     精达股份     所得税、长期股权投资差额、少数股东权益、商誉减值准备                                        坏账准备、存货、固定资产减值准备计提导致资产账面价值小于其计税基础;长期股权投资收益涉及投资与被投资企业税率差异形成资产账面价值大于其计税基础         A、L

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             A>L

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             净额增加股东权益

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

    29     云维股份     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        坏账准备、存货跌价准备                                                                                                                                 A

    30     S商社        所得税                                                                                     坏账准备、存货跌价准备、固定资产减值准备                                                                                                                A

    31     大龙地产     所得税、少数股东权益                                                                        长期股权投资差额摊销、坏账准备                                                                                                                         A